Common Name: 2,4-Dinitrophenol
CAS Number: 51-28-5
DOT Number: UN 1320
Date: July, 1989
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HAZARD SUMMARY
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol can effect you when breathed in and by
passing through your skin.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol can cause reproductive damage. Handle with
extreme caution.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol is a FLAMMABLE LIQUID and a FIRE HAZARD.
* Contact can irritate the skin. Long term exposure may cause
dermatitis.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol can irritate the eyes, and may cause
clouding of the eye lenses (cataracts).
* Breathing 2,4-Dinitrophenol can irritate the nose and throat.
* High or repeated exposure can affect the nervous system
causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, convulsions and even
death.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol may damage the liver and kidneys.
IDENTIFICATION
2,4-Dinitrophenol is a yellow crystalline (sand-like) solid but is
often found in a solution. It is used in dyes, photo developers,
explosives, and as a preservative of lumber.
REASON FOR CITATION
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol is on the Hazardous Substance List because
it is cited by EPA and DOT.
HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING EXPOSED
* Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely
evaluated. This may include collecting personal and area air
samples. You can obtain copies of sampling results from your
employer. You have a legal right to this information under
OSHA 1910.20.
* If you think you are experiencing any work-related health
problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational
diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you.
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
No occupational exposure limits have been established for 2,4-
Dinitrophenol. This does not mean that this substance is not
harmful. Safe work practices should always be followed.
It should be recognized that 2,4-Dinitrophenol can be absorbed
through your skin, thereby increasing your exposure.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol may be a teratogen in humans. All contact
with this chemical should be reduced to the lowest possible
level.
WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE
* Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust
ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust
ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be
worn.
* Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In
addition, as part of an ongoing education and training effort,
communicate all information on the health and safety hazards
of 2,4-Dinitrophenol to potentially exposed workers.
* Wear protective work clothing.
* Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to 2,4-
Dinitrophenol and at the end of the workshift.
This Fact Sheet is a summary source of information of all potential
and most severe health hazards that may result from exposure.
Duration of exposure, concentration of the substance and other
factors will affect your susceptibility to any of the potential
effects described below.
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HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
Acute Health Effects
The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur
immediately or shortly after exposure to 2,4-Dinitrophenol:
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol can irritate the skin and eyes.
* Breathing 2,4-Dinitrophenol can irritate the nose and throat.
* Exposure to 2,4-Dinitrophenol cause fatigue, thirst, sweating,
headache and weakness. It may also cause anxiety and
excitement.
Chronic Health Effects
The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some
time after exposure to 2,4-Dinitrophenol and can last for months or
years:
Cancer Hazard
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol may cause mutations (genetic changes) in
living cells. Whether or not it poses a cancer or
reproductive hazard needs further study.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol has not been tested for its ability to cause
cancer in animals.
Reproductive Hazard
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol may damage the developing fetus.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol has not been tested for its ability to
adversely affect reproduction.
Other Long-Term Effects
* Exposure to 2,4-Dinitrophenol can cause dermatitis. Clouding
of the eye lenses (cataracts) may occur after a long exposure.
* High or repeated exposure can effect the nervous system
causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache,
anxiety, weakness, convulsions and even death.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol may damage the liver and kidneys.
MEDICAL
Medical Testing
If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may
be useful:
* Liver and kidney function tests.
* Exam of the eyes.
* Evaluation by a qualified allergist, including careful
exposure history and special testing, may help diagnose skin
allergy.
Any evaluation should include a careful history of past and present
symptoms with an exam. Medical tests that look for damage already
done are not a substitute for controlling exposure.
Request copies of your medical testing. You have a legal right to
this information under OSHA 1910.20.
WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES
Unless a less toxic chemical can be substituted for a hazardous
substance, ENGINEERING CONTROLS are the most effective way of
reducing exposure. The best protection is to enclose operations
and/or provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical
release. Isolating operations can also reduce exposure. Using
respirators or protective equipment is less effective than the
controls mentioned above, but is sometimes necessary.
In evaluating the controls present in your workplace, consider: (1)
how hazardous the substance is, (2) how much of the substance is
released into the workplace and (3) whether harmful skin or eye
contact could occur. Special controls should be in place for
highly toxic chemicals or when significant skin, eye, or breathing
exposures are possible.
In addition, the following control are recommended:
* Where possible, automatically transfer 2,4-Dinitrophenol from
drums or other storage containers to process containers.
* Before entering a confined space where 2,4-Dinitrophenol may
be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration
does not exist.
Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce hazardous exposures. The
following work practices are recommended:
* Workers whose clothing has been contaminated by 2,4-
Dinitrophenol should change into clean clothing promptly.
* Contaminated work clothes should be laundered by individuals
who have been informed of the hazards of exposure to 2,4-
Dinitrophenol.
* Eye wash fountains should be provided in the immediate work
area for emergency use.
* If there is the possibility of skin exposure, emergency shower
facilities should be provided.
* On skin contact with 2,4-Dinitrophenol, immediately wash or
shower to remove the chemical. At the end of the workshift,
wash any areas of the body that may have contacted 2,4-
Dinitrophenol, whether or not known skin contact has occurred.
* Do not eat, smoke, or drink where 2,4-Dinitrophenol is
handled, processed, or stored, since the chemical can be
swallowed. Wash hands carefully before eating or smoking.
* For dust powder use a vacuum or a wet method to reduce dust
during clean-up. DO NOT DRY SWEEP.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
WORKPLACE CONTROLS ARE BETTER THAN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
However, for some jobs (such as outside work, confined space entry,
jobs done only once in a while, or jobs done while workplace
controls are being installed), personal protective equipment may be
appropriate.
The following recommendations are only guidelines and may not apply
to every situation.
Clothing
* Avoid skin contact with 2,4-Dinitrophenol. Wear protective
gloves and clothing. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers
can provide recommendations on the most protective
glove/clothing material for your operation.
* All protective clothing (suites, gloves, footwear, headgear)
should be clean, available each day, and put on before work.
Eye Protection
* Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when
working with liquid, unless full facepiece respiratory
protection is worn.
* Wear dust-proof goggles and face shield when working with
powders or dust, unless full facepiece respiratory protection
is worn.
Respiratory Protection
IMPROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IS DANGEROUS.
Such equipment should only be used if the employer has a written
program that takes into account workplace conditions, requirements
for worker training, respirator fit testing and medical exams, as
described in OSHA 1910.134.
* Engineering controls must be effective to ensure that exposure
to 2,4-Dinitrophenol does not occur.
* Where the potential exists for exposure to 2,4-Dinitrophenol,
use a MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied-air respirator with a full
facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or with a
full facepiece, hood, or helmet in the continuous flow mode,
or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing
apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or
other positive pressure mode.
Common Name: 2,4-Dinitrophenol
DOT Number: UN 1599 (Dinitrophenol solution); UN 0076 (Dry or
wetted with less than 15% water); UN 1320
(Dinitrophenol, wet with at least 15% water) DOT
Emergency Guide codes: 57,36,46
CAS Number: 51-28-5
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Hazard rating NJDOH NFPA
Flammability 3 Not Rated
Reactivity 0 Not Rated
--------------------------------------
FLAMMABLE
POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE
SOLID DINITROPHENOL MAY EXPLODE
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Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious;
4=severe
FIRE HAZARDS
* Dried out material may explode.
* Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors and in sewers.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol is a FLAMMABLE LIQUID (depending upon
carrier solvent) or an explosive solid.
* Flood with water, if water is not available ,use dry chemical
or dirt.
* POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE, including Nitrogen
Oxides.
* CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE.
* FIRE MAY RESTART AFTER IT HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED.
* use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
* If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained
and equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156.
SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES
If 2,4-Dinitrophenol is spilled or leaked, take the following
steps:
* Restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of
spill or leak until clean-up is complete.
* Remove all ignition sources.
* Ventilate area after clean-up is complete.
* Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe
manner and deposit in sealed containers.
* Keep 2,4-Dinitrophenol out of a confined space, such as a
sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the
sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive
concentrations.
* It may be necessary to contain and dispose of 2,4-
Dinitrophenol as a HAZARDOUS WASTE. Contact your Department
of Environmental Protection (DEP) or your regional office of
the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for specific
recommendations.
=========================================
FOR LARGE SPILLS AND FIRES call your fire department immediately.
=========================================
HANDLING AND STORAGE
* Prior to working with 2,4-Dinitrophenol you should be trained
on its proper handling and storage.
* Keep 2,4-Dinitrophenol wet or treat it as an explosive. Dried
out material may explode if exposed to heat, flame or shock.
* Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated
area away from LIGHT.
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol is incompatible with STRONG OXIDIZERS (such
as CHLORINE, BROMINE and FLUORINE, STRONG BASES, ACID
CHLORIDES and ACID ANHYDRIDES).
FIRST AID
Eye Contact
* Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15
minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek
medical attention (immediately).
Skin Contact
* Quickly remove contaminated clothing. Immediately wash
contaminated skin with large amounts of (soap and) water.
Breathing
* Remove the person from exposure.
* Begin rescue breathing if breathing has stopped and CPR if
heart action has stopped.
* Transfer promptly to a medical facility.
PHYSICAL DATA
Flash Point: Not Found
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble
OTHER COMMONLY USED NAMES
Chemical Name:
1-Hydroxy-2,4-Dinitrobenzene
Other Names and Formulations:
Alpha Dinitrophenol; Aldifen; Fenoxyl Carbon N.
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Not intended to be copied and sold for commercial purposes.
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NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Right to Know Program
CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368
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ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
2,4-Dinitrophenol is a yellowish crystalline solid and is the most
important of the six possible dinitrophenol forms. It is used
mostly as an intermediate to make dyes, photochemicals, pest
control agents, wood preservatives, and explosives. It may enter
the environment from industrial discharges, spills, or possibly as
a breakdown product of certain pesticides containing 2,4-
Dinitrophenol moieties.
ACUTE (SHORT-TERM) ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Acute toxic effects may include the death of animals, birds, or
fish, and death or low growth rate in plants. Acute effects are
seen two to four days after animals or plants come in contact with
a toxic chemical substance.
2,4-Dinitrophenol has high acute toxicity to aquatic life and to
birds. Insufficient data are available to evaluate or predict the
short-term effects of 2,4-Dinitrophenol to plants or land animals.
CHRONIC (LONG-TERM) ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Chronic toxic effects may include shortened lifespan, reproductive
problems, lower fertility, and changes in appearance or behavior.
Chronic effects can be seen long after first exposure(s) to a toxic
chemical.
2,4-Dinitrophenol has moderate chronic toxicity to aquatic life.
Insufficient data are available to evaluate or predict the long-
term effects of 2,4-Dinitrophenol to plants, birds, or land
animals.
WATER SOLUBILITY
2,4-Dinitrophenol is moderately soluble in water. Concentrations
of between 1 to 1,000 milligrams will mix with a liter of water.
DISTRIBUTION AND PERSISTENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
2,4-Dinitrophenol is slightly persistent in water, with a half-life
of between 2 to 20 days. The half-life of a pollutant is the
amount of time it takes for one-half of the chemical to be
degraded. About 98.75% of 2,4-Dinitrophenol will eventually end up
in water; about 0.65% will end up in terrestrial soil; and about
0.6% will end up in aquatic sediments.
BIOACCUMULATION IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Some substances increase in concentration, or bioaccumulate, in
living organisms as they breathe contaminated air, drink
contaminated water, or eat contaminated food. These chemicals can
become concentrated in the tissues and internal organs of animals
and humans.
The concentration of 2,4-Dinitrophenol found in fish tissues is
expected to be somewhat higher than the average concentration of
2,4-Dinitrophenol in the water from which the fish was taken.
SUPPORT DOCUMENT: AQUIRE Database, ERL-Duluth, U.S.EPA.
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